حرب العصابات في هندوراس
الهدف
اسقاط الحكومة اليمنية في هندوراس التي تساند عصابات الكونترا التي تدعمها اميركا و حكومة هندوراس اليمينية ضد السلفادور ونيكارغوا اليسارية
النتيجة
توقفت حرب العصابات بعد الانتخابات في نيكارغوا
========
Honduran guerrilla war
Date: 1981–1990
From: Encyclopedia of Wars, vol. 2
PRINCIPAL COMBATANTS: Communist guerrillas (supported by Nicaragua's Sandinistas) vs. Honduran government forces (aided by the United States)
PRINCIPAL THEATER(S): Honduras
DECLARATION: None
MAJOR ISSUES AND OBJECTIVES: Leftist guerrillas sought to topple the right-wing Honduran government, which supported anti-Sandinista forces (or "contras") in El Salvador and Nicaragua.
OUTCOME: The war ended after Sandinista power diminished following the Nicaraguan elections of 1990.
APPROXIMATE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF MEN UNDER ARMS: Variable
CASUALTIES: In the thousands, principally civilian
TREATIES: None
The Nicaraguan Civil War (1982–90) and the Salvadoran Civil War produced large numbers of refugees, many of whom fled to Honduras. As a consequence of this influx, the Honduran government feared that Honduras would be exposed to attack by guerrillas from El Salvador and Nicaragua. The fears rapidly proved well founded as Cuban-trained guerrillas hit Honduran military and police installations and terrorized the Honduran capital of Tegucigalpa, even attacking the U.S. embassy there. The United States supplied large amounts of military hardware to Honduran government forces in an effort to combat the rebels.
In the meantime, the anti-Sandinista (the Sandinistas were the revolutionaries who had seized power in Nicaragua) Nicaraguan Democratic Force (FDN) formed within Honduras and, from bases there, launched raids into Nicaragua. This provoked the Sandinistas to invade Honduras to raid the FDN bases. In response, the United States provided helicopters and pilots to carry Honduran troops to the border regions to repel the invasion. The United States then sent 3,200 combat troops to assist the anti-Sandinista forces, which were collectively called contras. This, however, provoked left-wing violence within Honduras, as many objected to the American military presence in the country.
In actuality, the United States had a deeper and more extensive involvement in the Honduran war than was generally known at the time. The administration of Ronald Reagan (1911–2004) came into office in 1981, with two of its top priorities being an end to the war in El Salvador and aiding the contra guerrilla war against the Sandinistas in Nicaragua. Honduras, located between El Salvador and Nicaragua and embroiled in a guerrilla warfare spawned by the conflicts of its neighbors, effectively became the base for all U.S. operations in Central America. The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) supported covert operations, including the U.S.-trained Battalion 316, a secret Honduran army intelligence unit formed in 1982. Battalion 316 soon became notorious for committing human rights abuses. With U.S. support, the Honduran army suppressed the small Honduran guerrilla movement between 1980 and 1984, typically by the most brutal means available, including imprisonment and torture, in addition to outright murder.
By 1990, the Honduran war quickly wound down after the Sandinistas were defeated in the Nicaraguan elections. Revelations concerning the Reagan administration's illegal covert support of the contras prompted the U.S. Congress to eliminate much of the U.S. military presence in Central America at this time as well. Nevertheless, the end of the war did not bring an immediate end to the killing. Peasants seeking land reforms and threatening to seize land in default of government action were attacked and killed in 1991 after they began farming idle land. When this outrage was exposed, publicly contrite government officials pledged to bring an end to human rights abuses in Honduras and to introduce land reform.
Thomas P. Anderson, Politics in Central America: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua (New York: Praeger, 1988); Jonathan R. Barton, Political Geography of Latin America (New York: Routledge, 1997); Harvey Kessler Meyer and Jessie H. Meyer, Historical Dictionary of Honduras, 2nd ed. (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1994); Nancy Peckenham and Anne Streets, eds. Honduras: Portrait of a Captive Nation (New York: Praeger, 1985); Donald E. Schulz and Deborah Sundloff Schulz, The United States, Honduras, and the Crisis in Central America (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1994).
Text Citation (Chicago Manual of Style format):
Phillips, Charles, and Alan Axelrod. "Honduran Guerrilla War." Encyclopedia of Wars, vol. 2. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2005. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE53&iPin=EWAR0694&SingleRecord=True (accessed February 10, 2016).
Other Citation Formats:
Modern Language Association (MLA) Format
American Psychological Association (APA) Format
Additional Citation Information
Record URL:
http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE53&iPin=EWAR0694&SingleRecord=True
الهدف
اسقاط الحكومة اليمنية في هندوراس التي تساند عصابات الكونترا التي تدعمها اميركا و حكومة هندوراس اليمينية ضد السلفادور ونيكارغوا اليسارية
النتيجة
توقفت حرب العصابات بعد الانتخابات في نيكارغوا
========
Honduran guerrilla war
Date: 1981–1990
From: Encyclopedia of Wars, vol. 2
PRINCIPAL COMBATANTS: Communist guerrillas (supported by Nicaragua's Sandinistas) vs. Honduran government forces (aided by the United States)
PRINCIPAL THEATER(S): Honduras
DECLARATION: None
MAJOR ISSUES AND OBJECTIVES: Leftist guerrillas sought to topple the right-wing Honduran government, which supported anti-Sandinista forces (or "contras") in El Salvador and Nicaragua.
OUTCOME: The war ended after Sandinista power diminished following the Nicaraguan elections of 1990.
APPROXIMATE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF MEN UNDER ARMS: Variable
CASUALTIES: In the thousands, principally civilian
TREATIES: None
The Nicaraguan Civil War (1982–90) and the Salvadoran Civil War produced large numbers of refugees, many of whom fled to Honduras. As a consequence of this influx, the Honduran government feared that Honduras would be exposed to attack by guerrillas from El Salvador and Nicaragua. The fears rapidly proved well founded as Cuban-trained guerrillas hit Honduran military and police installations and terrorized the Honduran capital of Tegucigalpa, even attacking the U.S. embassy there. The United States supplied large amounts of military hardware to Honduran government forces in an effort to combat the rebels.
In the meantime, the anti-Sandinista (the Sandinistas were the revolutionaries who had seized power in Nicaragua) Nicaraguan Democratic Force (FDN) formed within Honduras and, from bases there, launched raids into Nicaragua. This provoked the Sandinistas to invade Honduras to raid the FDN bases. In response, the United States provided helicopters and pilots to carry Honduran troops to the border regions to repel the invasion. The United States then sent 3,200 combat troops to assist the anti-Sandinista forces, which were collectively called contras. This, however, provoked left-wing violence within Honduras, as many objected to the American military presence in the country.
In actuality, the United States had a deeper and more extensive involvement in the Honduran war than was generally known at the time. The administration of Ronald Reagan (1911–2004) came into office in 1981, with two of its top priorities being an end to the war in El Salvador and aiding the contra guerrilla war against the Sandinistas in Nicaragua. Honduras, located between El Salvador and Nicaragua and embroiled in a guerrilla warfare spawned by the conflicts of its neighbors, effectively became the base for all U.S. operations in Central America. The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) supported covert operations, including the U.S.-trained Battalion 316, a secret Honduran army intelligence unit formed in 1982. Battalion 316 soon became notorious for committing human rights abuses. With U.S. support, the Honduran army suppressed the small Honduran guerrilla movement between 1980 and 1984, typically by the most brutal means available, including imprisonment and torture, in addition to outright murder.
By 1990, the Honduran war quickly wound down after the Sandinistas were defeated in the Nicaraguan elections. Revelations concerning the Reagan administration's illegal covert support of the contras prompted the U.S. Congress to eliminate much of the U.S. military presence in Central America at this time as well. Nevertheless, the end of the war did not bring an immediate end to the killing. Peasants seeking land reforms and threatening to seize land in default of government action were attacked and killed in 1991 after they began farming idle land. When this outrage was exposed, publicly contrite government officials pledged to bring an end to human rights abuses in Honduras and to introduce land reform.
Thomas P. Anderson, Politics in Central America: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua (New York: Praeger, 1988); Jonathan R. Barton, Political Geography of Latin America (New York: Routledge, 1997); Harvey Kessler Meyer and Jessie H. Meyer, Historical Dictionary of Honduras, 2nd ed. (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1994); Nancy Peckenham and Anne Streets, eds. Honduras: Portrait of a Captive Nation (New York: Praeger, 1985); Donald E. Schulz and Deborah Sundloff Schulz, The United States, Honduras, and the Crisis in Central America (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1994).
Text Citation (Chicago Manual of Style format):
Phillips, Charles, and Alan Axelrod. "Honduran Guerrilla War." Encyclopedia of Wars, vol. 2. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2005. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE53&iPin=EWAR0694&SingleRecord=True (accessed February 10, 2016).
Other Citation Formats:
Modern Language Association (MLA) Format
American Psychological Association (APA) Format
Additional Citation Information
Record URL:
http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE53&iPin=EWAR0694&SingleRecord=True
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