Citations:
[1] The 9/11 Commission Report (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2004), 162, 231, and 168.
[2] Yara Bayoumy, “Seven alleged al Qaeda-linked plotters arrested in United Arab Emirates,” Reuters, April 18, 2013, http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/2013/04/18/17806327-seven-alleged-al-qaeda-linked; Brian Murphy, “UAE sentences 69 suspects to prison in mass coup plot trial,” Associated Press, July 2, 2013, http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/07/02/united-arab-emirates-sentences-68-suspects-in-mass-trial-over-alleged-coup-plot.html; Kenneth Katzman, The United Arab Emirates (UAE): Issues for U.S. Policy) Washington, DC, Congressional Research Service, 2016, 5 and 6; and “UAE jails Emiratis up to 10 years for Islamist links,” November 14, 2016,https://www.yahoo.com/news/uae-jails-emiratis-10-years-islamist-links-172617458.html.
[3] Courtney Freer, “The Muslim Brotherhood and the Emirates: Anatomy of a crackdown,” Middle East Eye, December 17, 2015,http://www.middleeasteye.net/essays/muslim-brotherhood-emirates-anatomy-crackdown-1009823835.
[4] Lori Plotkin Boghardt, “The Muslim Brotherhood on Trial in the UAE,” Washington Institute for Near East Policy Policywatch no. 2064, April 12, 2013,http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-muslim-brotherhood-on-trial-in-the-uae.
[5] Sultan Al Qassemi, “The Brothers and the Gulf,” Foreign Policy, December 14, 2012, http://www.tvballa.com/2012/12/.../qassemi-al-sultan-and-gulf-brothers.
[6] Sultan Al Qassemi, “Qatar’s Brotherhood Ties Alienate Fellow Gulf States,”Al-Monitor, January 23, 2013, http://www.almonitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/01/qatar-muslim-brotherhood.html; Rachel Ehrenfeld, J. Millard Burr, “The Muslim Brotherhood Deception & Education,” American Center for Democracy, April 18, 2013, http://acdemocracy.org/the-muslim-brotherhood-deception-education/; and “Ruling Marks
[7] As cited in Marc Lynch, “MB in the Gulf,” Abu Aardvark blog, June 10, 2008,http://abuaardvark.typepad.com/abuaardvark/2008/06/mb-in-the-gulf.html.
[8] Samir Salama, “Muslim Brotherhood is Political and not Religious,” Gulf News, September 22, 2008.
[9] "The UAE and Saudi War on the Muslim Brotherhood Could Be Trouble for the U.S.,” Geopolitical Diary, November 18, 2014, https://www.stratfor.com/geopolitical-diary/uae-and-saudi-war-muslim-brotherhood-could-be-trouble-us.
[10] bid and Adam Taylor, “Why the UAE is calling 2 American groups terrorists,”Washington Post, November 17, 2014; [11] Freer, “The Muslim Brotherhood and the Emirates” and “The UAE and Saudi War;” Julian Hattem, Cruz bill would designate Muslim Brotherhood as terrorist group,” The Hill, November 4, 2015,http://thehill.com/policy/national-security/259099-cruz-bill-would-designate-muslim-brotherhood-as-terrorist-group; and Nahal Toosi, “Activists poke Trump to move faster on Muslim crackdown,” Politico, January 24, 2017,http://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/trump-muslim-crackdown-234128.
[11] “Verdict on ‘Yemeni Muslim Brotherhood,’ Group was accused of setting up a branch of the Muslim Brotherhood,” Emirates 24/7 News,http://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/verdict-on-yemeni-muslim-brotherhood-2016-06-13-1.632926.
[12] Pekka Hakala, “Opposition in the United Arab Emirates,” European Parliament, Directorate General for External Relations, Policy Department, November 15, 2012, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/studiesdownload.html?...
[13] Jenifer Fenton, “Al-Islah in the UAE,” Arabist, August 4, 2012,http://www.arabist.net/blog/2012/.../4/crackdown-on-islamists-in-the-uae.html.
[14] Human Rights Watch, “UAE: Crackdown on Islamist Group Intensifies,” July 18, 2012, http://hrw.org/news/2012/07/18/uae-crackdown-islamist; Ali Rashid al-Noaimi, “Setting the Record Straight on al-Islah in the UAE,” Middle East Online, October 17, 2012, http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=54950.
[15] Al Qassemi, “The Brothers and the Gulf”; Al Noaimi, “Setting the Record Straight on al-Islah in the UAE”; Hassan Jouini, “Egypt-UAE Relations Worsen with ‘Brotherhood’ Arrests,” Egypt Daily News, January 4, 2013,http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/.../2013/Jan.../200804-egypt-uae-relations.
[16] Freer, “The Muslim Brotherhood and the Emirates”; Amnesty International, “UAE: Ruthless crackdown on dissent exposes ‘ugly reality’ beneath facade of glitz and glamour,” November 18, 2014, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2014/11/uae-ruthless-crackdown-dissent-exposes-ugly-reality-beneath-facade-glitz-and-glamour.
[17] Al Qassemi, “The Brothers and the Gulf”; Yara Bayoumy, “UAE Imprisons Islamist coup plotters,” Daily Star (Beirut), July 3, 2013; “UAE sentences 69 suspects to prison in mass coup plot trial,” Associated Press, July 2, 2013.
[18] Boghardt, “The Muslim Brotherhood on Trial in the UAE.”
[19] Christopher M. Davidson, “Dubai and the United Arab Emirates: Security Threats,” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 36, no. 3, July 1, 2011, pp. 28-29.
[20] Ibid., 446; Reacting to the berthing of U.S. aircraft carriers in Dubai, after their planes had carried out missions to “bombard the Muslims in Iraq and Afghanistan,” the organization stated that the UAE’s ruling families would “endure the fist of the mujahideen in their faces” if their demand was not met.
[21] Abdul Hamied Bakier, “An al-Qaeda Threat in the United Arab Emirates?” Jamestown Foundation Terrorism Focus 5, iss. 25, July 1, 2008,http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=5025.
[22] “Terror Network Dismantled in U.A.E.,” Global Jihad, September 17, 2009; “AQAP Unlikely behind UPS Plane Crash - US Officials,” Reuters, November 11, 2010, http://in.reuters.com/article/2010/11/11/idINIndia-52846520101111
[23] Rania El Gamal, “UAE Says it Arrested a Cell Plotting Attacks,” Reuters, December 26, 2012 http://www.reuters.com/article/us-uae-saudi-plot-idUSBRE8BP08Q20121226 and “UAE arrests al-Qaeda cell ‘plotters,’” Al-Jazeera, April 18, 2013, http://aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/04/20134186290969992.html.
[24] Hamied Bakier, “An al-Qaeda Threat in the United Arab Emirates?” op. cit.
[25] “United Arab Emirates,” in U.S. Department of State, International Religious Freedom Report 2011, July 30, 2012, http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2011religiousfreedom/index.htm?dlid=192911#wrapper.
[26] “First International Center for Countering Extremism Opens in Abu Dhabi,”Middle East Online, December 15, 2012, http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=56089; “Abdullah bin Zayed Opens Hedayah Centre for Countering Violent Extremism,” UAE Interact, December 15, 2012; and “Keep Up with Hedayah,” Hedayah/LinkedIn, nd, https://www.linkedin.com/company/hedayah.
[27] Kyle Monsees, “The UAE’s Counterinsurgency Conundrum in Southern Yemen,” Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington, August 18, 2016,http://www.agsiw.org/the-uaes-counterinsurgency-conundrum-in-southern-yemen/.
[28] Sigurd Neubauer, “Gulf States See Guantanamo Detainees As Policy Asset,” Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington, September 9, 2016,http://agsiw.org/gulf-states-see-guantanamo-detainees-as-policy-asset.
[29] Ian Black, “UAE’s leading role against ISIS reveals its wider ambitions,”Guardian (London), October 30, 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/30/uae-united-arab-emirates-leading-player-opposition-isis-middle-east
[30] “UAE court gives four death sentence for supporting ISIS,” Al-Arabiyya(Riyadh), February 14, 2016, http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2016/02/14/UAE-Federal-Supreme-Court-sentences-defendants-for-joining-ISIS.html.
[31] Ibid.
[32] Paul Tilsley, “Jihadist couriers? Suspects nabbed at Johannesburg airport with $6M were ISIS-bound, say cops,” Fox News, September 21, 2015,http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/09/21/5-suspects-stopped-at-johannesburg-airport-with-6m-cash-headed-for-isis.html.
[33] “U.S., U.A.E. launch anti-ISIS messaging center in Dubai,” CBS News, July 8, 2015, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-uae-launch-anti-isis-messaging-center-dubai/.
[34] “US Embassy Cables: Afghan Taliban and Haqqani Network Using United Arab Emirates as Funding Base,” Guardian (London), December 5, 2010,http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/242756.
[35] “UAE bans five Pakistan-based outfits among terror groups,” The Economic Times, November 16, 2014, http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-16/news/56137274
[36] Eltaf Najafizada, “Taliban Says Ex-Leader Often Visited United Arab Emirates, Iran,” Bloomberg, May 26, 2016, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-26/taliban-says-ex-leader-often-visited-united-arab-emirates-iran.
[37] Animesh Roul, “Lashkar-e-Taiba’s Financial Network Targets India from the Gulf States,” Jamestown Foundation Terrorism Monitor 7, iss. 19, July 2, 2009,https://jamestown.org/program/lashkar-e-taibas-financial-network-targets-india-from-the-gulf-states/.
[38] Ibid.
[39] Think Chowdury, “India and the UAE: A Partnership Against Terrorism,”Swarajya, August 25, 2015, http://swarajyamag.com/world/India-and-uae-a-partnership-against-terrorism
[40] CIA,The World Factbook, United Arab Emirates, updated January 17, 2017,HTTPS://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ae.html.
[41] “United Arab Emirates” in United States Department of State, 2014 Report on International Religious Freedom, October 14, 2015,http://www.refworld.org/docid/56210535a.html.
[42] Malcolm C. Peck, The United Arab Emirates: A Venture in Unity (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1986), 60.
[43] In the fall of 2010, through an agreement with the Crown Prince Court of Abu Dhabi, the Gallup Organization opened a new research center in Abu Dhabi to conduct inquiries into attitudes of Muslims around the world. While the initial report it issued looked broadly at the state of Muslim-West relations, the Abu Dhabi Gallup Center was set up to perform research specifically on attitudes in the UAE. Most of the UAE polling, focused on non-controversial topics like healthcare access, although a poll on factors hindering women’s entrepreneurship in the UAE and other GCC countries was conducted. However, the center was closed down in March 2012, when the UAE government ordered the closure of foreign NGOs, including the U.S.-based National Democratic Institute. Gallup reported that it “made the strategic decision to bring its efforts in Abu Dhabi back to its headquarters in Washington, DC” and that it “will continue to conduct research and publish findings about the region, and will maintain a presence in Dubai.”See “Abu Dhabi and Gallup Establish New Research Center,” PRNewswire, October 25, 2010, http://www.prnewswire.com/new-releases/abu-dhabi-and-gallup-establish-new-research-center-105668138.html and Vivian Nereim, “Gallup and think tank leave Abu Dhabi,” The National, http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/gallup-and-think-tank-leave-abu-dhabi. See also Shibley Telhami, The World Through Arab Eyes (New York: Basic Books, 2013), which presents some interesting results of polling done in the UAE.50.
[44] In 1998, the country’s Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs listed 103 associations with only three described as “religious.” See Munira A. Fakhro, “Civil Society and Democracy in the Gulf Region,” 11th Mediterranean Dialogue Seminar: Security and Development in the Gulf Region, NATO Parliamentary Assembly, Doha, Qatar, November 26-28, 2005.
[45] “Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Foundation,” Revolvy, nd (presumably 2015), https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Mohammed%20bin%20Rashid%20AI%20Maktoum%20Foundation&item_type=topic
[46] See Tabah’s newsletter, Clarity, its. 1, Fall 2010, for a discussion of its programs, http:/www.tabahfoundation.org/newsletter/pdfs/1/TabahNewsEn_201009.pdf.
[47] Aga Khan, “Speech at the Foundation Laying of the Ismaili Center in Dubai,” December 13, 2003, http://www.iis.ac.uk/view_article.asp?ContentID=101003.
[48] “UAE Sentences Six Convicted Taliban Agents,” World Tribune, April 29, 2010, http://www.worldtribune/WTARC/2010/me_gulf0354_04_29.asp; “UAE Tries Two Pakistanis on Qaeda Links: Report,” Al Arabiya, (Riyadh), December 28, 2010, http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2010/12/28/131278.htnl.
[49] “United Arab Emirates,” in U.S. Department of State, 2010 Report on International Religious Freedom, November 17, 2010,http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2010/148850.htm.
[50] See “Large Mosque Rising in Fujairah,” Fujairah in Focus blog, June 6, 2010, http://fujairahinfocus.blogspot.com/2010/06/large-mosque-rising-in-fujairah-uae.html; see also General Authority of Islamic Affairs & Endowments,” A New Mosque for 1500 Worshippers in Ajman,” March 15, 2011, hrrp://www.awqaf.gov.ae/Newsitem.aspx?Lang=EN&SectionID=16&RefID=1092; and Rezan Oueiti, “New mosques in Ajman make room for everybody,” The National, June 16, 2016, http://thenational.ae/uae/new-mosques-in-ajman-make-room-for-everybody.
[51] See KSIMC of Dubai, “Awqaf Al Jafferiah Launches Fund Raising for 4 New Mosque Projects in Dubai,” December 14, 2010, http://dubaijamaat.com/latestnewsbloglayout/general-news/591-awqaf-al-jafferiah-lainches-fuind-raising-for-4-new.
[52] Esperance Ghanem, “What is behind UAE deportation of Lebanese nationals?” Al Monitor, April 17, 2015, http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/04/lebanon-nationals-deportation-uae-decision-html#ixzz40DFzmDtB; and “Over 4000 Shiites deported from UAE,” Shia World News Facebook, February 13, 2013, https://.facebook.com/newsshia/posts/337686526342852.
[53] See Malcolm C. Peck, Historical Dictionary of the Gulf Arab States, 2nd ed. (Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. 2008), 144.
[54] Sultan Al Qassemi, “The Sacrifice of Our Troops and a Need for Civil Society,” The National (Abu Dhabi), February 28, 2010,http://www.thenational.ae/news/the-sacrifice-of-our-troops-and-a-need-for-civil-society; Mohammed Nasser, “Military Expert: Al Qaeda Present in the Gulf... but not Active,” Al-Sharq al-Awsat (London), December 29, 2010,http://www.aawsat.com/english/news.asp?section=1&id=23598
[55] “US Embassy Cables: Abu Dhabi Favours Action to Prevent a Nuclear Iran,”Guardian (London), November 28, 2010, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/59984
[56] ”UAE, Israel have secret meeting, UAE ‘offered to fund Israel’s Gaza offensive,’ The Peninsula, July 19, 2014, http://freedmanreport.com/?p=1651; and “600 UAE-funded housing units given to refugees in Gaza, Middle East, News, Palestine, UAE, December 7, 2015, https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20151207-600-uae-funded-housing-units-given-to-refugees-in-gaza/.
[57] U.S. Embassy Abu Dhabi, “Scenesetter for Counterterrorism Coordinator.”
[58] Cited in Kenneth Katzman, The United Arab Emirates (UAE): Issues for U.S. Policy, November 28, 2016, Congressional Research Service.
[59] Jess Bravin and Carole E. Lee, “U.S. Transfers 15 Guantanamo Bay Detainees,” Wall Street Journal, August 15, 2016,http://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-transfers-15-guantanamo-bay-detainees-1471303872.
[60] Hair Nayouf, “Iran has “sleeper cells” in the Gulf: Ex-diplomat,” Al ArabiyaNews, October 30, 2007, https://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2007/10AbdulH/30/41005.html.; and Abdul Hameed Bakier, “Sleeper Cells and Shi’a Secessionists in Saudi Arabia: A Salafist Perspective,” Jamestown FoundationTerrorism Monitor 7, iss. 18, June 25, 2009, http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=35182.; and Esperance Ghanem, op. cit. On fears of Iran and possible “fifth column” activities by UAE residents of Iranian origin, see Katzman, The United Arab Emirates, Congressional Research Service, June 18, 2013, p. 16.
[61] Joby Warrick, “Donors boost Islamists in Syria,” Washington Post, September 22, 2013.
[62] See Peck, Historical Dictionary of the Gulf Arab States, 297; Steve Barber, “The ‘New Economy of Terror:’ The Financing of Islamist Terrorism,” Global Security Issues 2, iss. 1, winter 2011, 5, 9.
[63] Barber, “The New Economy of Terror”; “Middle East and North Africa Overview,” in U.S. Department of State, Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, Country Reports on Terrorism 2005 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of State, April 28, 2006), http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2005/64344.htm
[64] “Huge Global Problem, Small UAE Improvement,” Money Jihad blog, February 10, 2011, http://moneyjihad.wordpress.com/2011/02/10/huge-global-problem-small-uae-improvement/
[65] Gregor Stuart Hunter, “U.S. official to focus on illicit finance and sanctions in UAE talks,” The National (Abu Dhabi), January 27, 2013,http://www.thenational.ae. The two financial service companies were HSBC and Standard Chartered.
[66] Celina B. Realuyo, “Combating Terrorist Financing in the Gulf,” The Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington, January 26, 2015.
[67] Taimur Khan, “Joint US-UAE task force to choke off ISIL funding,” The National (Abu Dhabi), October 27, 2014, http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/joint-us-uae-task-force-to-choke-off-isil-funding
[68] Said Salahuddin and Erin Cunningham, “Taliban video purports to show American, Australian captives in tearful pleas to Trump, Th
ليست هناك تعليقات:
إرسال تعليق